Japanese Colonial Period Research Articles

Disputes over Burial Mountains

Abstract This article examines legal decisions in lineage property disputes from the Korean Empire period (1897–1910) to the first two decades of the Japanese colonial rule to trace the effect of Japanese efforts to implement property rights reforms in colonial Korea. Lineage properties were heavily concentrated in the mountains in the form of communal burial sites; thus, to ease acceptance of colonial rule, such Japanese objectives as forest cultivation needed to accommodate long-established Korean practices of mountain burial. In addition, Japanese perceptions of Koreans as primitively collective in their property relations led to initial suppression of the rights of heirs over lineage property. The colonial court's subsequent gradual and uneven invocation of the principle of exclusive individual property rights became a source of both legal and physical conflicts. The case of how lineage property rights were reorganized in colonial Korea shows the compromised nature of the colonial property regime as it sought to balance traditional claims and modern concepts of property ownership, with long-term consequences for property rights in Korea.

Naeseon Ilche and Nazi medievalism: making nation, history, and film

ABSTRACT The present study aims to compare the cinematic propaganda of colonial Korea and Nazi Germany, revealing how the two countries used film to construct narratives of nationalism. Furthermore, this study will aid our recognition and understanding of the similarities and differences between victims and aggressors in spreading nationalist propaganda. Despite the similarities between the colonial Korean and Nazi German film industries in spreading nationalist propaganda, there are significant differences between these two countries’ ways of promoting national values: the colonial Koreans adopted transcolonial nationhood (i.e. the strategy of integrating nations), whereas the Nazis excluded minorities, such as Jews. Therefore, dichotomous evaluations of the victim and the aggressor are inconsistent with existing standard interpretations. Colonial Korea, generally known as having experienced the trauma of colonization, also engaged in cinematic fabrication and the weaponization of history, as Nazi Germany did. Propaganda films in both colonial Korea and Nazi Germany played a significant role in reconstructing their national identities. Regarding the cinematic reinvention of these national identities, we should eschew the artificial dichotomy between victims and aggressors.

Ethnicity, gender, and geographical distribution of dentists in Taiwan in 1939 (Showa 14)

Background/purposeTaiwan's dentistry entered into a new era of modernization and flourished during the Japanese colonial period. However, we know very little about the composition of dentists at that time. This study attempted to analyze the ethnicity, gender, and geographical distribution of dentists in Taiwan in 1939 (Showa 14). Materials and methodsThe methods of documentary analysis and secondary data analysis were adopted to find the composition of dentists during the late Japanese colonial period through a name list of contract dentists for the Postal Savings Insurance published in August 1939 (Showa 14) by the Taiwan Government Transportation Department Information Bureau. ResultsThe total number of contract dentists was 368, accounting for 86.79% of the 424 practicing dentists in Taiwan in 1939 (Showa 14). Of the 368 contract dentists (328 males and 40 females), 225 (61.14%) were Taiwanese and 143 (38.86%) were Japanese. Among the 8 prefectures in Taiwan, Tainan Prefecture had the largest number of dentists (97), followed by Taipei (84) and Taichung (78) prefectures. The number of contract dentists per 100,000 people was 6.24, equivalent to 16,021 people served by each contract dentist in 1939 (Showa 14). The chi-square test for the trend analysis of gender distribution indicated a significantly higher proportion of male than female contract dentists in either Taiwanese or Japanese ethnic group. ConclusionIn the late Japanese colonial period, the number of Taiwanese dentists exceeded that of Japanese dentists. Furthermore, there were more male than female dentists in either the Taiwanese or the Japanese population.

Board Game Prototype About the Historical Period of Japanese Colonialism in Indonesia for Middle School Students

The teaching method used in history subjects usually needs a lot of memorizations, considered less interesting and less important compared to other subjects leading to difficulties to memorize the topic. The other reason the students think that history is not too important is because they are more interested in other countries' cultures. This prototype is made mainly for middle school students so that they are motivated and more interested to learn Indonesian history. This prototype uses qualitative research and uses 5W+1H data analysis. With the creation of the Koloni board game, we hope that the students can be more interested in learning and understanding Indonesian history.

From colonial company housing to dark tourism site: the complex legacy of the Mitsubishi Workers’ Housing in Samneung

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the significance of the preservation of the Mitsubishi Workers’ Housing Complex in Samneung, Korea by examining its landscape and historical context as a legacy of colonial power during the Japanese rule of Korea. Mitsubishi Workers’ Housing is the only remaining living quarters in Korea used by the workers of the Mitsubishi Military Factory, many of whom were forcibly mobilized, where human rights abuses and labor exploitation were a daily routine. It remains a symbol of poverty to this day and has been neglected on the periphery of urban development. Through field visits and interviews, this paper argues the importance of the site, which is historical evidence of forced labor mobilization, as a place of modern cultural heritage and a dark tourism site, so that it may be reborn as a place for historical awareness and education to prevent historical tragedies from repeating themselves.

가야금병창의 태동과 발전과정

This paper identifies the development progress of Gayageum byeonchang, by grouping it into: initial phase; stagnation; revival; and transition. By doing so, it aims to shed light on the correlation between development progress of Gayageum byeongchang and its periodic changes. In the initial phase, coupled with modernization under Japanese colonial period, the first generation popular myeong-ins were active, whereas during the stagnation period, following the post-liberation political chaos and also the outbreak of the Korean War, substantial parts of Gayageum byeongchang repertoire were lost. In the revival period, the economic growth drove the demand in music, leading to groundworks for revival, and during transitional period, Gayageum byeongchang was modernized, and new repertoire were introduced of which continues until this day. In this paper, based on sound source list by respective period and performer list, popular songs of the time, and key active myeong-in will be analyzed. Based on such analysis, the study intends to comprehend the history and development progress of Gayageum byeongchang and its direction in going forward.

한국 근대의 초등교육사를 체계적으로 분류하고 종합하다! -김광규, 『일제강점기 초등교육 정책』(동북아역사재단, 2021)을 읽고-

한국 근대의 초등교육사를 체계적으로 분류하고 종합하다! -김광규, 『일제강점기 초등교육 정책』(동북아역사재단, 2021)을 읽고-

풍수 결록서의 종류와 활용

In this study, I intended to classify types of feng shui secret documents, investigate how they were written, and examine the reasons for their use. Feng shui experts wrote secret documents reflecting various situational factors. We can say that they lived their lives for others because they searched the auspicious locations based on the skills they have attained throughout their lives and left them to future generations. The period when the feng shui secret documents appeared was mainly a chaotic era. During the social chaos such as the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, the second Japanese invasion of Korea in 1597, the Manchu war in 1636, the period of the Korean empire, and the Japanese colonial period, feng shui secret documents exerted their power more. No matter whether the secrets were true or not, feng shui experts used them in various ways, and they improved their presence and made them receive high commissions. Even if the document was a manuscript, people trusted a feng shui expert with the secret document much more than a feng shui expert who only spoke, so it increased the fees. Feng shui secret document was not simply written but reflected various situations, perceptions, and even the phases of the times. In addition, they used them as a means to raise their commissions and supplement their lack of skills. Thus, there must be follow-up studies to interpret the various meanings and characteristics of the feng shui secret documents.

치료약과 강장제 사이에서

This paper illustrates how South Koreans encountered and adopted vitamin supplements in the 20th century and analyzes what is unique about the Korean case. Koreans were first introduced to vitamin supplements by Japanese pharmaceutical companies during the Japanese colonial period. As beriberi was not as prevalent in premodern and early modern Korea as in Japan and Southeast Asia, the advertising strategy of emphasizing the risk of deficiency was not as successful as in Japan. During the mid-to-late Japanese occupation of the Korean peninsula, vitamin supplement advertisements shifted their focus from the threat of beriberi to emphasizing potential benefits, such as recovery from fatigue and growth and development in children. This idea of vitamins as a “modern tonic” was so ingrained in the public that, although there was no demand as a remedy, the market for vitamin supplements in Korea kept growing in the age of economic development.

일제 말기 식민지 조선의 공간적 표상 : 『조광』의 국내 기행문 분석을 중심으로

일제 말기 식민지 조선의 공간적 표상 : 『조광』의 국내 기행문 분석을 중심으로

원청의 안전지원이 협력사업장 근로자의 안전행동수준에 미치는 영향

According to the Ministry of Employment and Labor, 40% of fatal accidents due to industrial accidents between 2017 and 2021 were at partner workplaces, and 62.6% of all accidents (as of 2021) were preventable by following basic safety rules, such as falling, getting caught, or colliding. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of the prime companies’ safety support on the safety culture creation and safety behavior of workers in partner workplaces as a way to establish a safety culture in partner workplaces. This study was designed to examine the effect of safety support from prime companies on safety behavior level of workers at partner workplaces. It is a cross-sectional study using the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency’s 2021 Occupational Safety and Health data. The sample for the study is 739 manufacturing partner workplaces. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and hierarchical multiple regression analysis using SPSS (ver.21). According to this study, there were labor unions in 91 places and 13.9% in 94 places with departments dedicated to industrial safety and health, indicating that the establishment of an industrial safety and health system was generally insufficient. In addition, this study examined the effect of the prime companies' safety support on the safety culture of partner workplaces and the safety behavior of their workers. As a result of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis, safety support from prime companies had a positive (+) effect on safety culture at partner workplaces. Leadership of management appear to have a partial mediating effect on safety support from prime companies and safety behavior level at partner workplaces. Safety communication and education·systems appear to have a mediating effect on safety support from prime companies and safety behavior level at partner workplaces. According to this study, active safety support from the prime companies can revitalize the safety culture of the partner workplaces, thereby improving the level of safety behavior of workers to prevent accidents. Since partner workplaces generally lack safety capabilities compared to the prime companies, they can spread the safety culture of partner workplaces through safety support from the prime companies, and it can be expected to be effective in preventing industrial accidents by controlling the unsafe behavior of workers by establishing a safety culture.

건설현장의 KOSHA-MS 영향요인 연구

Despite the implementation of diverse policies and systems by the government aimed at mitigating severe disasters such as deaths, the occurrence of fatal incidents within the construction industry remains alarmingly high, comprising 53% of the industry as a whole. Consequently, this research endeavor was undertaken with the aim of identifying an efficacious approach for KOSHA-MS(Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency Management System), the pivotal component of the construction site accident prevention system, to enhance its efficacy and effectiveness. In this study, the independent variables were comprised of four human factors and two occupational factors. These variables were constructed based on interviews with forty safety and health management managers, as well as safety managers, from twenty construction sites operated by S Construction. A review of previous research was also conducted. The dependent variable, on the other hand, was the configuration of KOSHA-MS. A survey encompassing a total of 151 construction employees and workers was conducted between 1, November, 2023, and 21, November, 2023. The gathered data underwent statistical analysis utilizing the SPSS program.
 The study found that the survey items had good validity and reliability. Additionally, the roles of safety and health managers and management supervisors, were identified as significant human factors, while hazardous work was identified as a significant occupational factor impacting KOSHA-MS. The findings of this study indicate that effective managerial roles and the management of hazardous work take part in a crucial role in the practical and effective implementation of KOSHA-MS.

일제강점기 조선신사(朝鮮神社)의 분포 및 입지

This article attempts to grasp the distribution and location trends of Joseon Shinto shrines built during the Japanese colonial period. Joseon Shinto shrines are divided into Shinto shrines(神社) and Shinmyeong shrines(神明神祠) according to their hierarchy. 81 Shinto shrines and 865 Shinmyung shrines were identified in the “Joseon Government-General's Gazette” (1915-1945). For them, the period of completion of the official formalization of the Joseon Shinto shrines (1915-1929) and the period of the Hwangminhwa(皇民化) policy (1930-1945) were divided into two periods, and a distribution map was drawn up. This distribution map overlapped with the railway network built during the Japanese colonial period and was used to identify the distribution trend of the Joseon Shinto shrines. As a result, it can be seen that during the period when the Joseon Shinto Shrine was fully publicized, it was very accessible to the railway network. However, during the period of the Hwangminhwa Policy, the Shinmyeong Shrine spread throughout the country, and its connection with the railway network gradually decreased. This is due to the policy of 'One Myeon(面), One Shrineism' implemented in 1936, Shinmyung Shrines were intensively built up to the myeon region regardless of the railway network. This distribution trend is well seen in Jeollanam-do, Hwanghae-do, and Gyeonggi-do, where many Shinmyung shrines have been built.
 The tendency of the location of Joseon Shinto shrines was examined by dividing them into Shinto shrines and Shinmyeong shrines. To this end, the types of locations were identified at 37 places where symbols and names representing Shinto shrines were displayed in the “Topographic Map of Joseon”. In addition, among them, the visual location of the Shinto shrine was analyzed by selecting 6 places where the location of the Shinto shrine was confirmed by photographs, as well as 6 places of Shinmyeong Shrine found on the “Topographic Map of Joseon”. In the case of Shinto shrines, due to the characteristics of the city where they were built, they were divided into open port cities, transportation cities, and traditional cities. As a result, all of the 12 Joseon Shinto shrines selected as examples are located on hills or in the middle of gentle slopes, securing excellent views. In addition, they were landmarks that could be seen from anywhere in the city, town and myeon because they faced the central place in city, and they were relatively close to Japanese settlements due to their easy access to railway stations. Because of this location, the hill on which the Shinto Shrine was built was designated as a park, and later most of it became a park. This hilly-oriented location of the Joseon Shinto Shrine can be extended to the location tendency of all Joseon Shinto Shrines built during the Japanese colonial period.

일제강점기 심묘(心畝) 김창환(金彰桓)의 예술 연원과 작품 분석

일제강점기 심묘(心畝) 김창환(金彰桓)의 예술 연원과 작품 분석

경기·강원지역 서원·사우의 현황과 특징

The purpose of this study is to understand the regional characteristics of the current status of seowon (included in shrine) that existed in Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do after the nationwide seowon demoliton by the king in 1871.
 Throughout the Joseon Dynasty, 69 seowon were built in Gyeonggi-do and 39 in Gangwon-do. All but 15 seowon were abolished in 1871. The 15 original seowon continued to exist during the Japanese colonial period and various activities, including ritual rites, can be confirmed. However, they were mostly destroy ed during the Korean War in 1950, and only some of them were restored.
 Among the abolished seowon, 18 were restored. Continuous restoration took place from the 20th to the 21st century. Looking at the overall trend, restoration began in earnest after 1945, and restoration was promoted centered on the descendants of the deceased and the local government where the seowon was located. The main purpose of Seowon's restoration is regular ritual rites in spring and fall.
 Some seowon were newly established, or those that existed in other regions were rebuilt in Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do. Among these, Nokdong-Seowon (⿅洞書院) was built for educational purposes in the process of Confucianism transforming into a modern religion. Yonggang- seowon (⿓江書院) and Moonhun-seowon (文憲書院) originally existed in North Korea, but was restored in Gyeonggi-do by the descendants of the deceased due to difficulties in access due to division of the country.
 Currently, seowon in the Gyeonggi and Gangwon regions are continuing their activities centered on ritual rites. In addition, seowon members are conducting publishing activities related to the seowon and promotion programs operated based on the Cultural Heritage Administration and government resources. In particular, in the case of promotion programs, attention needs to be paid to the fact that they inherit the tradition of seowon and spread it among the general public.

한원진 인간본성론의 현대적 의의: 나바에츠(D. Narvaez)의 관점

The purpose of this study is to discuss the modern significance of Han Won-jin's theory of nature by interpreting it from the perspective of Narvaez. Until now, Han Won-jin's theory of nature has been interpreted as meaning that the nature of humans and animals is different by contrasting with the two. This can also be said to be a meaningful work in the history of philosophy. However, there seems to be little discussion on the implications of the argument that human and animal nature are different in terms of moral education. In particular, although it is a very interesting argument to argue that human nature is not only different from animals, such as Han Won-jin, but that each person has a difference in nature, it is difficult to find a case that reveals the implications or modern significance of the word. Assuming that each person has a different nature, that is, a moral virtue, it can be assumed that each person has a different moral judgment ability or moral response ability [虛靈知覺]. From this, it is possible to explore why moral education is necessary for everyone beyond the class limits of the Joseon Dynasty along with the necessity of moral education. In addition, Narvaez's model of moral experts is a good criterion for making such an attempt. Aristotle's virtue ethics, the philosophical origin of this model, is not only consistent with the nature of Confucianism, but also the series of processes from beginners to experts is in large part consistent with the content of royal lectures and discussions based on Han Won-jin's concept of nature. In addition, this model has great implications for estimating that modern and contemporary intellectuals' struggles to protect nationality and democratic citizenship against the Japanese colonial period and military dictatorship are directly connected to Joseon Confucianism, especially Han Won-jin's theory of nature. Therefore, this study explored the moral educational meaning of Han Won-jin's theory of nature based on Narvaez's model of moral experts.

19세기 서원철폐 이후, 전북의 서원·사우 건립 현황과 그 양상

Daewongun, who had seized power upon the accession of King Gojong, ordered the destruction of Seowon in 1868 and promoted a policy to destroy more than 600 Seowon, leaving only 47. However, many of the destroyed Seowon and Sawoo had been rebuilt after Japanese colonial era and liberation.
 165 of Seowon and Sawoo are estimated to be built in Jeonbuk, of which 96 were rebuilt except the unbroken Museongseowon.
 Between 1868 and 1910, 19 places were rebuilt and 18 places were rebuilt during the Japanese colonial period. After liberation, 59 places were restored, and 61.4% of the rebuilt Seowon and Sawoo were built after liberation. In Short, the reconstruction of Seowon and Sawoo in the mid-20th century, more than 100 years after the destruction, is thought to have great implications for grasping the status and meaning of Seowon and Sawoo in the region.
 From this point of view, it is necessary to closely examine the reconstruction and establishment of Seowon in Namwon, Imsil, and Sunchang. Namwon is the place where Seowons were built the most in Jeonbuk before the decree was issued. Imsil, which shared the border with Namwon, was the secon d largest n umber. There are 53 of 165 Seowon s built in Namwon and Imsil, accounting for 32.1%. However, the rate of reopening Seowon here is the lowest.
 In particular, if Sun chan g, which has n o rebuilt Seowon , is in cluded, it is only 16.6%, which is below the average of ‘Im-Sun-nam’(Imsil, Sunchang, Namwon). This rate of reconstruction is remarkable when compared to regions exceeding 75% such as Jangsu, Jinan, Iksan, Gimje, Gunsan, and Gochang. By paying attention to these regional deviations, it is expected that the locality of the 20th century will be grasped by studying the group which led to rebuild Seowon.
 After Japanese colonial era and liberation, newly built Seowons were also built in Gochang, Jeongeup, Jinan, Gimje, and Iksan, where reconstruction rates were high, while Namwon and Imsil, which had low reconstruction rates, were also poorly established. If research on these trends and deviations is continued from the perspective of local history, it will be possible to reveal the times reflected in Seowon and Sawoo, which were reconstructed or newly established in the 20th century, and to present the current role of Seowon in the context of continuity.

반도체산업의 초석을 다진 강진구의 생애에 대하여

This study examines the life of Kang Jin-ku, who is a prominent figure in the topic of “globalization with local characteristics,” which has recently been emphasized as a response to the local extinction. To examine his life, this study focuses on the historical significance of the Yeongju area, the church, and the school where he grew up during the Japanese colonial period. It can be seen as a background of his success. In addition, this study conducted oral interviews with family and acquaintances to fill in the gaps in his autobiography. Through this research, it became clear that the historicity of the community and the nation plays a large role in the success of an individual. Kang Jin-ku, who was born in Yeongju, overcame the hardships of modern history, including Japanese colonization and war, and became a professional engineer and then a professional executive, making contributions not only to Korea but also to the global electronics industry. This study will contribute to establishing the identity of the modern Yeongju region.

1920년대 조선야소교서회의 교양서적 번역이 기행문학에 미친 영향

This paper examines the trends and meanings of translation and publication of cultural books by the JoseonYasogyoseohoi(The Christian Literature Society of Korea) during the Japanese colonial period, and Ann Judson Sajeok(Ann Judson), Yurakhwangdogi(The Swiss Family Robinson) and GeurusoPhyorugi(Robinson Crusoe), which are adventure stories for missionary purposes. The goal is to identify the internal structure of and its influence on the development of travel literature. 
 As a personal biography of a great man, Ann Judson and the drift novels Yurakhwangdogi and GeurusoPhyorugi, although their genres are different, have something in common in terms of travel experience, drifting, and cross-cultural contact. This means that these works contributed greatly to the development of Korean travel literature, but there are certain differences in the internal structure of the works depending on the differences in genre. Due to the nature of biographies of great people, Ann Judson has a relatively simple narrative structure in which the flow of time and movement through space are relatively simple. In comparison, other two drifted novels are works that appropriately embody the motif of ‘travel → drifting → settlement → return’, and are works that appropriately reproduce the chronotope as a space-time complex at the level of travel literature. In particular, the illustrations used in Geuruso are pictures that specifically express the time and space signified within the text, and become noteworthy elements in relation to the restructuring of space and time in travel literature. In this way, adventure stories for missionary purposes can be said to be important works in terms of the development of travel literature, even if Bible translations remain or cultural prejudices based on civilizational discourse are inherent.

충청지역 서원의 복설 추이와 성격

This study is about the aspects of demolition and reconstruction of Seowon that currently exists in the Chungcheong region(South Chungcheong Province, North Chungcheong Province, Daejeon Metropolitan City, and Sejong Special City).
 In the materials related to Seowon created by the government during the Choseon Dynasty, it is recorded that there were 107 Seowons and Confucius in the Chungcheong region, and 44 of them received Saek(賜額).
 However, looking at the records created during the policy of abolishing seowon , it was foun d that there were man y more seowon .
 After the reign of King Injo, the establishment of Confucian academies was regulated, and Confucian academies were demolished on a large scale during the reigns of Sukjong, Yeongjo, and Gojong, leaving only five Seowons in the Chungcheong region.
 Afterwards, the first discussion in Korea took place demanding the restoration of Hwayang Seowon in Cheongju. It was 1874, just three years after it was demolished. However, due to the symbolism of Hwayang Seowon, the state did not allow its reproduction.
 Now, the Con fucian class just wan ted a space to worship their an cestors. They just build a Dan(壇, altar) or held Ancestaral Rites in pavilion or seodang. Additionally, 8 rebuilding of previous seowon can check in 1910.
 During the Japanese colonial period, Twenty-two seowons were rebuilt, and new seowons also appeared. In most cases, it was created under the initiative of the family. Uniquely, the ‘Asan Hyeonchungsa’ dedicated to Admiral Yi Sun-Shin(李舜⾂), was re-opened by the press through a campaign to re-open it. After liberation, Forty-Four seowons were reestablished. However, it was not reproduced in its original form.
 Recently, there is a tendency for local governments to designate Seowon as a cultural asset or carry out a project to transform it into a sanctuary and use it as a tourist facility.